Q: What are the most common gynecologic cancers?

Endometrial, ovarian and cervical cancer, in that order. Endometrial cancer forms in the tissue lining of the uterus, ovarian cancer forms in the tissue of the egg-producing female reproductive glands (the ovaries) and cervical cancer forms in the organ connecting the uterus and the vagina (the cervix).

Q: What are the risks for these cancers?

Obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, and a family history of cancer put you at risk for endometrial and ovarian cancers. Women who don’t have children are also at higher risk: Pregnancy actually has a protective effect because it gives the ovaries a rest. (Taking birth control pills can accomplish the same thing.) Having multiple sexual partners is the main risk factor for cervical cancer, because that increases the likelihood of exposure to high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), which are the most common cause of cervical cancer.

Q: How do you screen for these cancers?

The Pap test is very effective for detecting cervical cancer. An annual Pap test used to be the norm, but physicians now agree that if you have three normal Pap tests in a row, you can probably extend that period to once every two to three years. Every woman still needs an annual pelvic exam. Endometrial and ovarian cancers don’t have standard screening tests and are harder to detect, so it’s important to watch for early symptoms. Any kind of abnormal bleeding – either bleeding between periods or prolonged periods in younger women or post-menopausal bleeding in older women – needs immediate evaluation, because that could be a sign of endometrial cancer. The earliest symptoms of ovarian cancer may include bloating, abdominal discomfort, pelvic pain, or changes in bowel or bladder habits. If these symptoms persist for more than two weeks, seek help.

Q: What else can I do to protect myself?

Girls and women between the ages of 9 and 26 should be vaccinated with Gardasil®, which protects against HPV and can prevent up to 75 percent of all cervical cancers. (At this time, Gardasil® is not recommended for women older than 26.) Exercise and a healthy diet are important. If you’re at high risk – if you’ve had cancer or have a family history of cancer – consider consulting a gynecologic cancer specialist.