Osteoporosis: Women at risk for osteoporosis may benefit from a periodic bone mineral density test or DXA. This X-ray procedure can diagnose osteoporosis in a woman before she experiences a fracture, and can also measure the rate of bone loss.

Diabetes: More than 5 million Americans have undiagnosed type 2 diabetes and are at risk for long-term heart, kidney or eye complications that can result from uncontrolled blood sugar levels.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): Testing for STDs is usually recommended for pregnant and young women who have multiple sexual partners. Many of the most common STDs, such as chlamydia and human papillomavirus (HPV) may not cause obvious symptoms. Left untreated, chlamydia can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, a major cause of infertility. What’s more, HPV infection greatly increases a woman’s risk of cervical cancer.